Life of Muhammad & The History of Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Theory of Cross-Cultural Communication Essay Example for Free

A Theory of Cross-Cultural Communication Essay Societies here are insignificantly observed as huge scope frameworks of expected shared references, etymological or otherwise1, utilized for the motivations behind decreasing intricacy. 2 Cultures themselves may glorify one or a few places, where the mutual references are felt to be thick to the point that correspondence would be with no requirement for decreases of complexities. Away from such goals, societies have peripheries, where references are scanty, or meagerly shared, or blended in with references shared by different societies. The terms â€Å"center† and â€Å"periphery† are not to be seen geopolitically. (cf. Indeed Zohar 1990, Toury 1995) The contrasts among focuses and peripheries are employable fictions instead of essential experimental realities. The very conviction that one is in a focal position might be sufficient to abridge multifaceted nature, similarly as the bogus impression that one is deficient in setting may expand intricacy. (Pym 1998) The distinction among focus and fringe may likewise be portrayed regarding exertion. At the point when shared references are accepted to be thick (all else being equivalent), the decrease of unpredictability requires less exertion than when the references are accepted to be inadequate. Exertion here is comprehended as being on both the sending and getting sides of messages, just as in any interceding position or interest in the channel. A book sent and got almost an apparent focus will along these lines require less venture of exertion than a similar book sent from an inside to a fringe (accepting that the decrease of multifaceted nature is 1. 3. 1. 4. 1. 5. to be to a comparable degree in the two cases). Also, further beneficial exertion will be required if the content is to be gotten in another culture. (Pym 1995) 1. 6. The lines between societies are set apart as traverse focuses where the correspondence demonstration gets beneficial exertion of an interceding and intermittent nature. Such focuses are generally where interpretations are done. (Pym 2001a) Cross-social correspondence along these lines denotes the purposes of contact between societies, in spite of the fact that only it won't sign up the focuses to frame any sort of line. (Pym 1998, 2001a, cf. Chatwin 1987) On intricacy and its decrease Texts are recorded articles that can be deciphered in various manners and for various capacities, autonomously of any unique expectations. The majority of potential translations is the thing that we are calling intricacy. The decrease of intricacy doesn't infer any observing of a valid or basic importance. For instance, a peruser now may decipher the term â€Å"reduction of complexity† as â€Å"understanding†, yet such a perusing will ideally be digressed by the accompanying sections. In t his sense, the decrease of intricacy doesn't involve a demonstration of comprehension in any visionary sense. Nor must exertion be consumed distinctly to diminish multifaceted nature. Exertion can likewise be utilized to make messages progressively mind boggling, setting them up for a more prominent majority of understandings. Such may be a sure origination of tasteful joy, strategic equivocalness, or informative mechancete. The level of proper unpredictability is for each situation subject to the achievement states of the open demonstration concerned. On progress conditions Success conditions are models that make the open demonstration gainful for all or a portion of the members concerned. 4 Such standards might be straightforward, as on account of a business arrangement to agree on a business value: the achievement condition may be that a cost is consented to by all members.

Industry 4.0 Definition, Design Principles, Challenges, and the Future of Employment

Industry 4.0 Definition, Design Principles, Challenges, and the Future of Employment THE HISTORY BEHIND INDUSTRY 4.0 Industry 4.0 is a term often used to refer to the developmental process in the management of manufacturing and chain production. The term also refers to the fourth industrial revolution.The term Industry 4.0 was first publicly introduced in 2011 as “Industrie 4.0” by a group of representatives from different fields (such as business, politics, and academia) under an initiative to enhance the German competitiveness in the manufacturing industry. The German federal government adopted the idea in its High-Tech Strategy for 2020. Subsequently, a Working Group was formed to further advise on the implementation of Industry 4.0.In 2003, they developed and published their first set of recommendations. Their vision entailed that“these Cyber-Physical Systems comprise smart machines, storage systems and production facilities capable of autonomously exchanging information, triggering actions and controlling each other independently. This facilitates fundamental improvements to the industri al processes involved in manufacturing, engineering, material usage and supply chain and life cycle management.” © Shutterstock.com | chombosanIndustry 4.0 remains a term well-known in German-speaking areas. Consequently, this guide will aim at attempting to define the term, exploring the design principles, the advantages and the challenges facing such an approach, and try to quantify the potential lying underneath.THE HISTORY BEHIND INDUSTRY 4.0To be able to understand how Industry 4.0 became today’s buzzword, a look at its predecessors might give us a perspective on how this revolution in particular is different. The following diagram shows a timeline of the evolution of manufacturing and the industrial sector in general (Source: Deloitte). The First Industrial RevolutionThe industrial revolution in Britain came in to introduce machines into production by the end of the 18th century (1760-1840). This included going from manual production to the use of steam-powered engines and water as a source of power.This helped agriculture greatly and the term “factory” became a little popular. One of the industries that benefited a lot from such changes is the textile industry, and was the first to adopt such methods. It also constituted a huge part of the British economy at the time.The Second Industrial RevolutionThe second one dates between 1870 and 1914 (although some of its characteristics date back to the 1850) and introduced pre-existing systems such as telegraphs and railroads into industries. Perhaps the defining characteristic of that period was the introduction of mass production as a primary means to production in general.The electrification of factories contributed hugely to production rates. The mass production of steel helped introduce railways into the system, which consequently contributed to mass production. Innovations in chemistry, such as the invention of the synthetic dye, also mark such period as chemistry was in a rather primitive state then.However, such revolutionary approaches to industry were put to an end with the start of World War I. Mass production, of course, was not put to an end, but only developments within the same context were made and none of which can be called industrial revolutions.The Third Industrial RevolutionPerhaps the third one is much more familiar to us than the rest as most people living today are familiar with industries leaning on digital technologies in production. However, the third industrial revolution is dated between 1950 and 1970.It is often referred to as the Digital Revolution, and came about the change from analog and mechanical systems to digital ones.Others call it the Information Age too. The third revolution was, and still is, a direct res ult of the huge development in computers and information and communication technology. THE DEFINITION OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND HOW IT IS DIFFERENT FROM THE THIRDThe fourth industrial revolution takes the automation of manufacturing processes to a new level by introducing customized and flexible mass production technologies.This means that machines will operate independently, or cooperate with humans in creating a customer-oriented production field that constantly works on maintaining itself. The machine rather becomes an independent entity that is able to collect data, analyze it, and advise upon it.This becomes possible by introducing self-optimization, self-cognition, and self-customization into the industry. The manufacturers will be able to communicate with computers rather than operate them.How will machines communicate?The rapid changes in the information and communication technologies (ICT) have broken the boundaries between virtual reality and the real world. The idea behind Industry 4.0 is to create a social network where machines can communicate with each other, called the Internet of Things (IoT) and with people, called the Internet of People (IoP).This way, machines can communicate with each other and with the manufacturers to create what we now call a cyber-physical production system (CPPS). All of this helps industries integrate the real world into a virtual one and enable machines to collect live data, analyze them, and even make decisions based upon them.INDUSTRY 4.0 COMPONENTSAlthough “Industry 4.0” is the common term referring to the fourth industrial revolution, academics still struggle to properly define the approach. This makes it even harder to distinguish the main components of such an approach. In their Literature Review, Hermann, Pentek, and Otto take it upon themselves to find out the main components of the industry.Given the fact that the term originated in a German-speaking area, they set out to find out the most frequently cited terms and definitions relating to the industry.In their research, of course, the German equivalent of each term (or perhaps the English equivalent) was used. The results were as follows (Source: “Design Principles for Industrie 4.0 Principle” by Hermann, Pentek, and Otto):Search Term (Group)Number of Publications in Which Search Term (Group) OccuredCyber-Physical Systems, Cyber-Physikalische Systeme, CPS46Internet of Things, Internet der Dinge36Smart Factory, intelligente Fabrik24Internet of Services, Internet der Dienste19Smart Product, intelligentes Produkt10M2M, Machine-to-Machine8Big Data7Cloud5Cyber-Physical Systems, Internet of Things, Smart Factory, and Internet of Services are the most common four terms cited in academic research publications related to the industry. Consequently, and given its initial stage, these are the four main components of the industry.Cyber-Physical SystemsAs mentioned above, a cyber-physical system aims at the integration of com putation and physical processes. This means that computers and networks are able to monitor the physical process of manufacturing at a certain process. The development of such a system consists of three phases:Identification: Unique identification is essential in manufacturing. This is the very basic language by which a machine can communicate. RFID (Radio-frequency identification) is a great example of that. RFID uses an electromagnetic field to identify a certain tag that is often attached to an object. Although such technology has been around since 1999, it still serves as a great example of how Industry 4.0 operated initially.The Integration of Sensors and Actuator: This is essential for a machine to operate. The integration of sensors and actuators simply means that a certain machine’s movement can be controlled and that it can sense changes in the environment. However, even with the integration of sensors and actuators, their use was limited and does not allow them to commun icate with each other.The Development of Sensors and Actuators: Such development allowed machines to store and analyze data. A CPS now is equipped with multiple sensors and actuators that can be networked for the exchange of information.The Internet of Things (IoT)A cyber-physical system still sounds familiar to us today. Machines can exchange data and, in a lot of applications, can sense the changes in the environment around them. Fire alarms are a good example of that. The Internet of Things, however, is thought to be what truly has initiated Industry 4.0.The Internet of Things is what enables objects and machines such as mobile phones and sensors to “communicate” with each other as well as human beings to work out solutions. The integration of such technology allows objects to work and solve problems independently. Of course, this is not entirely true as human beings are also allowed to intervene.However, in case of conflicting goals, the case is usually raised to higher posi tions. According to Hermann, Pentek, and Otto, ““things” and “objects” can be understood as CPS. Therefore, the IoT can be defined as a network in which CPS cooperate with each other through unique addressing schemas. The Internet of Services (IoS)It is easy to see that in today’s world each and every electronic device is more likely to be connected to either another device, or to the internet. With the huge development and diversity in electronic and smart devices, obtaining more and more of them creates complexities and undermines the utility of each added device.Smart phones, tablets, laptops, TVs or even watches are becoming more and more interconnected, but the more you buy, the added value of the last device becomes unrecognizable. The Internet of Services aims at creating a wrapper that simplifies all connected devices to make the most out of them by simplifying the process. It is the customer’s gateway to the manufacturer.Smart FactorySmart factories are a key feature of Industry 4.0. A smart factory adopts a so called Calm-system. A calm system is a system that is able to deal with both the physical world as well as the virtual. Such systems are called “background systems” and in a way operate behind the scene. A calm system is aware of the surrounding environment and the objects around it.It also can be fed with soft information regarding the object being manufactured such as drawings and models. According to Hermann, Pentek, and Otto“the Smart Factory can be defined as a factory where CPS communicate over the IoT and assist people and machines in the execution of their tasks.”INDUSTRY 4.0 DESIGN PRINCIPLESThe design principles allow manufacturers to investigate a potential transformation to Industry 4.0 technologies. Based on the components above, the following are the design principles:Interoperability: Objects, machines and people need to be able to communicate through the Internet of Things and the Internet of People. This i s the most essential principle that truly makes a factory a smart one.Virtualization: CPSs must be able to simulate and create a virtual copy of the real world. CPSs must also be able to monitor objects existing in the surrounding environment. Simply put, there must be a virtual copy of everything.Decentralization: The ability of CPSs to work independently. This gives room for customized products and problem solving. This also creates a more flexible environment for production. In cases of failure or having conflicting goals, the issue is delegated to a higher level. However, even with such technologies implemented, the need for quality assurance remains a necessity on the entire processReal-Time Capability: A smart factory needs to be able to collect real time data, store or analyze it, and make decisions according to new findings. This is not only limited to market research but also to internal processes such as the failure of a machine in production line. Smart objects must be ab le to identify the defect and re-delegate tasks to other operating machines. This also contributes greatly to the flexibility and the optimization of production.Service-Orientation: Production must be customer-oriented. People and smart objects/devices must be able to connect efficiently through the Internet of Services to create products based on the customer’s specifications. This is where the Internet of Services becomes essential.Modularity: In a dynamic market, a Smart Factory’s ability to adapt to a new market is essential. In a typical case, it would probably take a week for an average company to study the market and change its production accordingly. On the other hand, smart factories must be able to adapt fast and smoothly to seasonal changes and market trends.THE BENEFITS AND THE CHALLENGESIndustry 4.0 will truly revolutionize the way manufacturing processes work. However, it’s important to weigh the advantages and the challenges that companies may face.Advantages of Industry 4.0Optimization: Optimizing production is a key advantage to Industry 4.0. A Smart Factory containing hundreds or even thousands of Smart Devices that are able to self-optimize production will lead to an almost zero down time in production. This is extremely important for industries that use high end expensive manufacturing equipment such as the semi-conductors industry. Being able to utilize production constantly and consistently will profit the company. According to a study published by PwC,“Digitized products and services generate approximately €110  billion of additional revenues per year for the European industry.”Customization: Creating a flexible market that is customer-oriented will help meet the population’s needs fast and smoothly. It will also destroy the gap between the manufacturer and the customer. Communication will take place between both directly. Manufacturers won’t have to communicate internally (in companies and factories) and externally (to c ustomers). This fastens the production and delivery processes.Pushing Research: The adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies will push research in various fields such as IT security and will have its effect on the education in particular. A new industry will require a new set of skills. Consequently, education and training will take a new shape that provides such an industry will the required skilled labor.Challenges facing Industry 4.0Security: Perhaps the most challenging aspect of implementing Industry 4.0 techniques is the IT security risk. This online integration will give room to security breaches and data leaks. Cyber theft must also be put into consideration. In this case, the problem is not individual, but can, and probably will, cost producers money and might even hurt their reputation. Therefore, research in security is crucial.Capital: Such transformation will require a huge investment in a new technology that doesn’t sound cheap. The decision to make such transformation will have to be on CEO level. Even then, the risks must be calculated and taken seriously. In addition, such transformation will require a huge capital, which alienates smaller businesses and might cost them their market share in the future.Employment: While it still remains early to speculate on employment conditions with the adoption of Industry 4.0 globally, it is safe to say that workers will need to acquire different or an all-new set of skills. This may help employment rates go up but it will also alienate a big sector workers. The sector of workers whose work is perhaps repetitive will face a challenge in keeping up with the industry. Different forms of education must be introduced, but it still doesn’t solve the problem for the elder portion of workers. This is an issue that might take longer to solve and will be further analyzed later in this report.Privacy: This not only the customer’s concern, but also the producers. In such an interconnected industry, producers need to collect and analyze data. To the customer, this might look like a threat to his privacy. This is not only exclusive to consumers. Small or large companies who haven’t shared their data in the past will have to work their way to a more transparent environment. Bridging the gap between the consumer and the producer will be a huge challenge for both parties. THE FUTURE WORKFORCEIndustry 4.0 has a lot to promise when it comes to revenues, investment, and technological advancements, but employment still remains one of the most mysterious aspects of the new industrial revolution. It’s even harder to quantify or estimate the potential employment rates.What kind of new jobs will it introduce? What does a Smart Factory worker needs to have to be able to compete in an ever changing environment such as this? Will such changes lay off many workers? All of these are valid questions to the average worker.Industry 4.0 might be the peak of technological advancement in manufacturing, but it s till sounds as if machines are taking over the industry. Consequently, it is important to further analyze this approach in order to be able to draw conclusions on the demographics of labor in the future. This will help workers of today prepare for a not so far future.Given the nature of the industry, it will introduce new jobs in big data analysis, robot experts, and a huge portion of mechanical engineers. In an attempt to determine the type of jobs that Industry 4.0 will introduce or need more labor in, BCG has published a report based on interviews with 20 of the industry’s experts to showcase how 10 of the most essential use cases for the foundation of the industry will be affected.The following are some of the important changes that will affect the demographics of employment:Big-Data-Driven Quality Control: In engineering terms, quality control aims at reducing the inevitable variation between products. Quality Control depends to a large extent on statistical methods to show w hether a specific feature of a product (such as size or weight) is changing in a way that can be considered a pattern. Of course such a process depends largely on collecting real-time or historical data regarding the product. However, since Industry 4.0 will rely on big data for that, the need for quality control workers will decrease. On the other side, the demand for big data scientists will increase.Robot-Assisted Production: The entire basis of the new industry relies of the smart devices being able to interact with the surrounding environment. This means that workers who assist in production (such as packaging) will be laid off and be replaced with smart devices equipped with cameras, sensors, and actuators that are able to identify the product and then deliver the necessary changes for it. Consequently, the demand for such workers will drop and will be replaced with “robot coordinators”.Self-Driving Logistics Vehicles: One of the most important focuses of optimization is t ransportation. Engineers use linear programming methods (such as the Transportation Model) to utilize the use of transportation. However, with self-driven vehicles, and with the assistance of big data, so many drivers will be laid off. In addition, having self-driven vehicles allows for restriction-free working hours and higher utility.Production Line Simulation: While the need for optimization for transportation declines, the need for industrial engineers (who typically work on optimization and simulation) to simulate productions lines will increase. Having the technology to simulate production lines before establishment will open up jobs for mechanical engineers specializing in the industrial field.Predictive Maintenance: Having smart devices will allow manufacturers to predict failures. Smart machines will be able to also independently maintain themselves. Consequently, the number of traditional maintenance technicians will drop, and they’ll be replaced with more technically in formed ones.Machines as a Service: The new industry will also allow manufactures to sell a machine as a service. This means that instead of selling the entire machine to the client, the machine will be set-up and maintained by the manufacturer while the client takes advantage of the services it provides. This will open up jobs in maintenance and will require an expansion in sales.FINAL THOUGHTSIndustry 4.0 is definitely a revolutionary approach to manufacturing techniques. The concept will push global manufacturers to a new level of optimization and productivity. Not only that, but customers will also enjoy a new level of personally customized products that may have never been available before. As mentioned above, the economic rewards are immense.However, there are still many challenges that need to be tackled systematically to ensure a smooth transition. This needs to be the focus of large corporations and governments alike. Pushing research and experimentation in such fields are e ssential.While speculations regarding privacy, security, and employment need more study, the overall picture is promising. Such approach to manufacturing industries is truly revolutionary.

How Was Stegosaurus Discovered

Yet another of the classic dinosaurs (a group that also includes  Allosaurus and Triceratops) that were discovered in the American west during the late 19th-century Bone Wars, Stegosaurus also has the honor of being the most distinctive. In fact, this dinosaur had such a characteristic appearance that any fossils vaguely attributable to it wound up being assigned as separate Stegosaurus species, a confusing (though not unusual) situation that took decades to sort out! First things first, though. The type fossil of Stegosaurus, discovered in Colorados stretch of the Morrison Formation, was named in 1877 by the famous paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh. Marsh was originally under the impression that he was dealing with a gigantic prehistoric turtle  (not the first paleontological blunder he ever made) and he thought the scattered plates of his roof lizard lay flat along its back. Over the next few years, though, as more and more Stegosaurus fossils were discovered, Marsh realized his mistake, and properly assigned Stegosaurus as a late Jurassic dinosaur. The March of Stegosaurus Species A low-slung, small-brained dinosaur with characteristic triangular plates and sharp spikes protruding from its tail: this general description of Stegosaurus was broad enough for Marsh (and other paleontologists) to include numerous species under its genus umbrella, some of which later turned out to be dubious or deserving assignment to their own genera. Heres a list of the most important Stegosaurus species: Stegosaurus armatus (armored roof lizard) was the species originally named by Marsh when he coined the genus Stegosaurus. This dinosaur measured about 30 feet from head to tail, possessed relatively small plates, and had four horizontal spikes jutting out from its tail. Stegosaurus ungulatus (hoofed roof lizard) was named by Marsh in 1879; oddly enough, given the reference to hooves (which dinosaurs definitely did not possess!), this species is known only from a few vertebrae and armored plates. Given the lack of additional fossil material, it may well have been a juvenile S. armatus. Stegosaurus stenops (narrow-faced roof lizard) was identified by Marsh 10 years after he had named Stegosaurus armatus. This species was only three-quarters as long as its predecessor, and its plates were also correspondingly smaller--but its based on far more abundant fossil remains, including at least one fully articulated specimen. Stegosaurus sulcatus (furrowed roof lizard) was also named by Marsh in 1887. Paleontologists now believe that this was the same dinosaur as S. armatus, though at least one study maintains that its a valid species in its own right. S. sulcatus is best known for the fact that one of its tail spikes may actually have been located on its shoulder. Stegosaurus duplex (two-plexus roof lizard), also named by Marsh in 1887, is notorious as the Stegosaurus that supposedly had a brain in its butt. Marsh hypothesized that the enlarged neural cavity in this dinosaurs hip bone contained a second brain, to make up for the unusually small one in its skull (a theory that has since been discredited). This may also have been the same dinosaur as S. armatus. Stegosaurus longispinus (long-spined roof lizard) was about the same size as S. stenops, but was named by Charles W. Gilmore rather than Othniel C. Marsh. Not one of the better attested Stegosaurus species, this may actually have been a specimen of the closely related stegosaur Kentrosaurus. The teeth of Stegosaurus madagascariensis (Madagascar roof lizard) were discovered on the island of Madagascar in 1926. Since, as far as we know, the genus Stegosaurus was restricted to late Jurassic North America and Europe, these teeth may well have belonged to a hadrosaur, a theropod, or even a prehistoric crocodile. Stegosaurus marshi (which was named in honor of Othniel C. Marsh in 1901) was reassigned a year later to a genus of ankylosaur, Hoplitosaurus, while Stegosaurus priscus, discovered in 1911, was later reassigned to Lexovisaurus (and later became the type specimen of an entirely new stegosaur genus, Loricatosaurus.) The Reconstruction of Stegosaurus Stegosaurus was so strange, compared to the other dinosaurs discovered during the Bone Wars, that 19th-century paleontologists had a difficult time reconstructing what this plant-eater looked like. As mentioned above, Othniel C. Marsh originally thought that he was dealing with a prehistoric turtle--and he also suggested that Stegosaurus walked on two legs and had a supplementary brain in its butt! The earliest illustrations of Stegosaurus, based on the knowledge available at the time, are virtually unrecognizable--a good reason to take the reconstructions of any newly discovered dinosaurs with a big grain of Jurassic salt. By far the most puzzling thing about Stegosaurus, which is still being discussed by modern paleontologists, is the function and arrangement of this dinosaurs famous plates. Lately, the consensus is that these 17 triangular plates were arranged in alternating rows down the middle of Stegosaurus back, though occasionally there have been other suggestions out of left field (for example, Robert Bakker hypothesizes that Stegosaurus plates were only loosely attached to its back, and could be flopped back and forth to deter predators). For further discussion of this issue, see  Why Did Stegosaurus Have Plates?

The War Powers Resolution Of 1973 - 986 Words

Who has the power to go to war? Most people would say the President while others would say Congress. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 may shine some light on who or whom can declare war. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 also know simple as the War Powers Act states the President must notify Congress within a 48 hour time frame that he is sending troops into military combat. The act does not allow military solders from remaining in a state of conflict for more than 60 days. After 60 days the President must ask Congress again for authorization. The act was made to restrain the President strength to send U.S. military overseas by requiring the executive branch to discuss with Congress before involving U.S. troops in overseas combat. Before the Wars Power Act the Constitution was used to see who could declare war however it was contradictory. In Article I of The Constitution the power to declare war as well as have the power to raise an army and navy, and fund war efforts was given to Congress however in Article III of The Constitution the President is named Commander-In-Chief of the armed forces. It is meant to control the Presidents power over the U.S. armed forces be cause it requires him to have Congress consent. The War Powers Act was also made to avoid another Vietnam mishap where Nixon secretly sent U.S. troop to invade Cambodia which caused public rage against an invasion of a neutral country. If you were told you told you had to ask 535 (congress members) beforeShow MoreRelatedThe War Powers Act of 1973 Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesThe War Powers Act of 1973 The War Powers Act limits the power of the President of the United States to wage war without the approval of the Congress. The War Powers Act is also known as The War Powers Resolution. 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This in turn helps to provide for the common defense. Separation of powers prevents one branch from becoming excessively dominant over the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare and secure theRead MoreThe Reign of Bush-Obama and their Power Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant position in the U.S. government. However, the powers granted to Presidents and the prerogative they have exerted are not listed in the Constitution but instead have been adapted and expanded upon by each President. Although the Constitution does not define the powers of the President, it has defined Presidential powers in terms of peace, war, and emergency. A recent expansion of Presidential power, exerted by Bush and then Obam a was this â€Å"War on Terror (WOT)†. President Barack Obama and his predecessor

Qualitative Methods in Business Ethics †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Qualitative Methods in Business Ethics. Answer: Ethical dilemma-3 Putting myself in the position of the product manager of the confectionery company, I would have been surprised with the manufacturing or production process of the toys by the Thai manufacturer. I would have also thought it to be necessary to visit the manufacturing unit of the toy company with whom I would be planning to make a deal or contract. I would have been startled and surprised by finding that the manufacturing process of the company is carried on in the absence of any specific infrastructure of the company. It is really astonishing that the workforce who basically comprises of families reaches out at the gate of the company at 6 am to receive the raw materials that are required to make the toys. The large boxes containing the raw materials are taken to their respective homes where to entire family is engaged in making the toys. That would definitely surprise me at the level of effective and efficient operational process of the company without any particular operational infr astructure (Akrivou Bradbury-Huang, 2015). If I would have been in the position of the product manager of the company, my immediate decision would have been to make the deal by materializing the paper work related to the contract. The toy manufacturing company of Thailand could make such quality products by such limited workforce without the actual infrastructure, and then in the presence of a better infrastructure, the company would be able to produce a wide range of products. I would have made the deal and would have ordered for the first phase of products to be sent to my company. A universal code of Ethics is very much essential to be applicable in this case as there could have been rules and regulations regarding the not exploitation or employment of child workforce in any kind of organization. The code of Ethics is very much possible in his case which would be very much effective in streamlining the operations and involvement of children. Who Cares Whose Shares? The main ethical issues that come into play, in this case, is my dilemma of keeping the news confidential regarding the content of ltheal components in one of the best selling herbicides of PCC and the sharing of the news with the close friend with whom the relationship is based on trust. If I would inform my friend Freddie about the research findings that are ultimately going to be revealed in some days, then my friend would start to sell his shares and would also insist his friends his friends to sell them. This way I would be breaching the confidentiality of the meeting that was vested in me and if I do not reveal the facts to Freddie, then the trust that my friend has on me would be spoiled (Castro, 2016). The main stakeholders, in this case, would be my friend, Freddie, his friends, me and all those people who have invested in the shares of PCC. Once, an individual invests in the shares, he becomes a very important aspect for the company. If Freddie and his friends and the other shareholders come to know about the ltheal content which is going to be released in the news shortly, would lead to selling of the shares which would decrease the market value of the company (Crane Matten, 2016). I would ultimately decide to keep the information to myself and maintain the confidentiality of the company as I find that the news regarding the ltheal content would be released to the public anyway. Thus, when one is being asked to maintain the confidentiality of the aspects that are discussed in the work environment, one should abide by it. Thus, I would not share the news with my friend, Freddie and let him know the news with time. There is a difference of ethics between acting myself on the information which I was provided and passing the information to Freddie. According to the ethics of the company, I should not be revealing the information to anybody. While in other hand, there is an ethical difference between my Freddie acting on the information and passing the information to his clients as if he passes the information to his clients without any specific publication of news regarding the facts, then that would not be appropriate and acceptable by the clients to act on. The decision that is vested primarily on regarding whtheer to pass the information to my friend Freddie would determine everything (Cumming, Hou Lee, 2016). The involvement of Code of Ethics is very much required to be implemented here as it would help in making a strict decision of whtheer to reveal the facts to the friend or maintain the confidentiality. It is very much possible to frame the Code of Ethics in the regarding maintaining the disclosure of facts and internal information of the company. Off Your Face on Facebook The main ethical issues, in this case, are associated with the appointment of two candidates and making a decision regarding the suitability and preferences of which candidate to be chosen. The first candidate is very sociable and appears to have very reliable with good social skills due to which she can manage various relations between the clinics, approving authorities and coordinate activities between various departments. She happens to be very qualified also (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). The second candidate better than the first candidate and happens to have work experience but appears to have a habit of consuming alcohol and illegal drugs in heavy quantity. The second candidate also happens to post some inappropriate picture on the social sites. The ethical dilemma arises as the qualification of the later candidate is better but is not socially suitable for the profile. The main ethical arguments, in this case, are regarding the appropriation of using or considering the social sites as a measure for the analysis of the suitability of recruitment of candidate. Social sites act as a window of the manner a candidate is leading or managing her social and public life (Hansen, et al., 2015). Thus, judging the candidate on the basis of the social sites profiles is appropriate or assessing a candidate by the work performance and credibility that he or she carries theoughout his or her career has to be decided by the potential employers. Yes, maintaining my profile at the social sites would be now important for me as the employers are assessing the candidates theough various social sites which are relevant nowadays. Efforts will always be given in maintaining an impressive public profile on different social sites. As the manager of the human resource of the company, I would make the decision regarding the assessment of the public profile on the social sites. As the profile that the vacancy is associated with the department of product approval in the pharmacy company, it would not be appropriate to hire such a candidate who has a history of consuming illegal drugs and alcohol (Helin, 2013). Such kind of information would be spreading very fast in the work environment where the doubts regarding the trust in the product approval will arise as it would be handled by the particular candidate. It would not be suitable for the management to hire such a candidate in the drugs and pharmaceutical company as people the whole work environment would start having discussions regarding the social issues which will affect the environment of work in the company (Lashley, 2016). The implementation of the Code of Ethics is very much applicable in this case which would have helped in making clear criteria for the selection of the candidates. The possibilities of devising Code of Ethics in the recruitment criteria are very wide. Organic Food The case study deals with the prevalent scenario of the trend of premium organic food and the analysis of the market for organic food industry. The trend of organic food is flooding the market with varieties of organic labelled vegetables, fruit, meats and eggs. Consumers in most of the countries in the world are demanding to have food products of organic standards. This has propelled certain individuals and organizations as a whole in propelling the business towards unethical attitude towards gaining profit by initiating the manufacturing and supplying food products with fake logos, seals and certification claims of dealing with organic food supplies. The food organizations are not considering the ethical standards that should be maintained in respect of the chemicals used for the production and the ethical ingredients. The governments of many countries have been overlooking the actual organic standards that are supposed to be maintained by various food manufacturing and supply orga nizations. Right from the genetic modification of the seeds to the supply of fully overgrown food product, all the countries need to maintain the authentic organic standards of food. In this case, it needs to mandate the application of a set of Universal Code of Ethics that would actually regulate the manufacturing and supply process of the real and authentic food materials all across the world. The application of universal Code of Ethics is very much important in this case as the concern is regarding the food which has to be in-taken by all the human population of the world. In order to create a healthy world, it is the most important aspect that the human population needs to be healthy and active along with maintaining the sustainability of the world environment. In order to materialize the health and sustainability of human population as well as the world environment respectively, it is very much crucial to devise the Universal Code of Ethics for organic food manufacturing as soon as possible. Uzbek cotton: The main actors in the cotton industries are the farmers and the government of the countries that produce the cotton along with all the countries of which cotton is exported. The main players in the export and import of cotton in the world are Uzbekistan, UK, India, Australia, Brazil, Russia and Bangladesh. The process or stages of farming is the prime stage for obvious reasons in the manufacturing of cotton (Quarshie, SalmiLeuschner, 2016). The yarn is produced where the mixing of cotton with other fibers is either done or avoided as required. After mixing of the cotton, the bales are formed. These bales are then collected and categorized for domestic use and exports to different countries. Approaches that were adopted by the Western brands to deal with the violation of human rights in the supply chain of cotton by Uzbek is the policy of banning the import of cotton from Uzbek which involved brands like Tesco, Asda, Swedish chain HM, Marks Spencer, Levi's and Gap. The boycott was announced as there were child labour and exploitation of the children as manual labours who were used to work in the cotton fields during the harvest of cotton and closing the educational institutional which put their education to a halt. These children were belonging to the age below 16 years (Reinecke, Arnold Palazzo, 2016). Thus, the western brands in the Western countries had denied accepting any import of cotton by Uzbek till the child labour is not ceased. This approach was not successful to the major extent as most of the rates of child labour did not decrease in Uzbekistan in-spite of the fact that the exports to the Western countries did reduce to a large scale. The major importers of Uzbek cotton are the countries in Asia and Russia and the expansion of the markets for export of Uzbek cotton spread to South Korea, China, and Bangladesh. Thus, the supply to the foreign countries was carried on and the demand for Uzbek cotton did not lessen which did not result in the complete eradication of child labour in the harvest of cotton (Sybille David, 2016). Thus, it cannot be said that the approach of a boycott by the Western brands regarding the imports of Uzbek cotton was successful as the prime intention of the approach was to stop the exploitation of the children and stop child labour. According to me, the Western countries have significantly contributed their ethical duties and responsibilities regarding the stopping of child labour by approaching the ban strategy. The alternative that these countries can work on togtheer is by appealing to the International Human Rights Organization to take immediate action regarding the issue. If I was a part of a group that as working for the eradication of the child and forced labour I would have approached the International Human Rights Organization and brought the matter into consideration initially. In the local part, I would have tried to spread awareness among the parents and authorities regarding the importance of education and ill effects of child labour both the present and future of the children as well as the society as a whole (Wymer Rundle-Thiele, 2016). The universal Code of Ethics in this context would be very much effective as all the countries would be bind to a particular set of business practice which would also include the policies regarding the restrictions regarding the employment and exploitation of child labour. The scope and possibilities for the implementation of the universal Code of Ethics is vast. References Akrivou, K. and Bradbury-Huang, H., 2015. Educating integrated catalysts: Transforming business schools toward ethics and sustainability.Academy of Management Learning Education,14(2), pp.222-240. Castro, R.B., 2016. Business Ethics and Sustainability. Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016.Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Cumming, D., Hou, W. and Lee, E., 2016. Business Ethics and Finance in Greater China: Synthesis and Future Directions in Sustainability, CSR, and Fraud.Journal of Business Ethics,138(4), pp.601-626. Ferrell, O.C. and Fraedrich, J., 2015.Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Hansen, E.G., Zvezdov, D., Harms, D. and Lenssen, G., 2015. Advancing Corporate Sustainability, CSR, and Business Ethics: Editorial.Business and Professional Ethics Journal. Helin, S., 2013.Research in Business Ethics, CSR and Sustainability Reporting.InSeminar i nringslivsetikk EBEN Skandinavia, BI Oslo. Lashley, C., 2016. Business ethics and sustainability.Research in Hospitality Management,6(1), pp.1-7. Lim, W.M. and Heitmann, S., 2017. Sustainability and ethics in rural business and tourism in the developing world.Rural Tourism and Enterprise: Management, Marketing and Sustainability, p.133. Nicholls, J., Ragland, C., Schimmel, K. and Hair Jr, J.F., 2016. The Relevance of Ethics, CSR, and Sustainability Topics in the Business School and Marketing Curricula: Dean and Department Head Opinions.Journal of Business Ethics Education,13, pp.169-184. Pandey, S. and Rishi, P., 2016.Linking CSR and sustainability with organisational culture, values and business ethics-a qualitative analysis of Indian IT companies.International Journal of Intelligent Enterprise,3(3-4), pp.205-231. Persson, S. and Wasieleski, D., 2016.Nourishing the Tie between Business Ethics and Sustainability: Creating a Dialogue between Western and Chinese Perspectives(No. hal-01512895). Quarshie, A.M., Salmi, A. and Leuschner, R., 2016. Sustainability and corporate social responsibility in supply chains: The state of research in supply chain management and business ethics journals.Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management,22(2), pp.82-97. Reinecke, J., Arnold, D.G. and Palazzo, G., 2016. Qualitative mtheods in business ethics, corporate responsibility, and sustainability research.Business Ethics Quarterly,26(4), pp.xiii-xxii. Sybille, P. and David, W., 2016. Nourishing the Tie between Business Ethics and Sustainability: Creating a Dialogue between Western and Chinese Perspectives. InConnecting Eastern and Western Perspectives on Management. Wymer, W. and Rundle-Thiele, S.R., 2016. Inclusion of ethics, social responsibility, and sustainability in business school curricula: a benchmark study.International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, pp.1-16.

Similarities Between Victor and the Monster free essay sample

Consider their respective relationships with nature, desires for family, and any other important parallels you find. Do Victor and the monster become more similar as the novel goes on? How does their relationship with each other develop? Mary Shelley’s novel ‘Frankenstein’ (1818) describes two crucial characters Mr Victor Frankenstein and the monster he creates Frankenstein. Even though the monster is not a clone of Victor or shares any of his DNA there are significant traits and qualities that are very similar to Victor. They are not similar in their physical and social actions but their personalities are parallel. As the novel progresses both characters stand their position firm as heavy weights in their daily lives. Both characters strive to gain as much knowledge as possible and look to nature and its serenity during times of suffering and when they are distressed. Consequently, both have numerous similarities. Victor Frankenstein and the un-human like monster have many similar traits and aspects of their lives but both crave for a continuous stream of knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on Similarities Between Victor and the Monster or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Early in the novel Victor is craving for more and more knowledge thus he leaves his large estate and his love Elizabeth to go to university to learn to understand situations and subjects better. As a result of his obsession of gaining knowledge he created this monster, it was like an ‘unwanted child’ (p79), as the monster carries so many of the same characteristics and flaws that Victor possesses it is almost as if the monster inherits these traits. Both victor and the monster long for becoming more intelligent about their surrounding world. When the monster is hiding in the poor family’s house, he steals food and by doing this he realizes he is bringing great distress to the humans, from there on he stops stealing food, rather he helps harvest the crops and cuts firewood for them. Also as the monster observes the family he learns the English language fluently, when he meets with Victor he explains how ‘A strange multiplicity of sensations seized me, and I saw, felt, heard, and smelt at the same time’ (p9). The monster learns how to walk, talk, open and close his eyes and how to overcome hunger and thirst. It is obvious as the novel progresses that the monster has an inner ability and determination to become just as intelligent as his creator. One would suggest that Victor couldn’t have ever magined that the monsters drive for knowledge would have come this easily. Additionally, both Victor and the monster use nature as a hideaway or a safe haven when they are feeling as if they have nowhere else to go. Both find comfort in nature and thus develop a very strong relationship with themselves. As the monster was too hideous in appearance and frightens the town’s people, living within nature is the only choice as no one will be there to not accept him or judge him. Victor uses nature to escape from his problems and the rest of his thoughts after the death of his younger brother William and friend Justine. He hideaways to the mountains of Chamounix to seek relief from his grief and suffering. This time spent in the Alps allowed Victor to clear his mind and think about his grief that ‘was augmented and rendered sublime by the mighty Alps, whose white and shining pyramids and domes towered above all, as belonging to another earth, the habitations of another race of beings’ (p90). Subsequently, both characters look towards nature and its serenity during times of distress. As a result, the relationship between Victor and the monster becomes stronger and their similarities become greater. One would suggest that the reason it becomes stronger is that Victor and monster seek revenge on each other. As a result of Victor’s obsession with gaining knowledge and creating life he has created a beast.